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How to install KVM Kernel-based Virtual Machine Virtualization on Linux

Sunday, October 14th, 2018

install-KVM-Kernel-based-Virtual-Machine-virtualization-on-Linux

If you want to run multiple virtual machines on GNU / Linux server or your Linux powered Desktop you have the possibility to use a couple of Virtual Machines just to name a few VirtualBox and VMWare are the option the native way to do it is using the Linux kernel via a loadable kernel module called KVM (Kernel-based Virtual Machine).
Though Oracle's Virtualbox generally works and you could add new test beds virtual machines (install multiple Linux / *BSD OS) it is not fully Free Software and not even fully open source licensed, VMWare even though superior as a Virtualization product is proprietary and its application costs a lot of money which not each develpoper or small / mid-sized company could afford.

Once the kvm.ko module is loaded your Linux kernel turns into a full-featured Virtual Machine Hypervisor.
Starting with Linux kernel 2.6.X the KVM Hypervisor is available and easy to install virtually all modern Linux distributions Redhat / CentOS Debian / Ubuntu etc. support it and its up to running few commands to install and start using the Power of Kernel embedded Virtualization.

KVM could be used to run in parallel multiple Operating Systems such as Windows / Linux / FreeBSD and others of BSDs family, each running under a separate virtual machine with its private dedicated (isolated), disc, graphic card, network card etc.

To start up I assume you have already installed some kind of Linux distribution either locally or on a remote dedicated server.

1. Installing KVM on Debian GNU / Linux / Ubuntu / Mint and other deb based distros

Using APT tool install below packages:

root@jeremiah:~# apt install –yes qemu-kvm libvirt-clients libvirt-daemon-system bridge-utils libguestfs-tools genisoimage virtinst libosinfo-bin

2. Installing virt-manager GUI to manage Virtual servers

root@jeremiah:~# apt-cache show virt-manager|grep -i desc -A 1
Description-en: desktop application for managing virtual machines
It presents a summary view of running domains and their live performance &
—
Description-md5: 9f7f584744b77cdacc2291f2a8ac220e
Homepage: http://virt-manager.et.redhat.com/

root@jeremiah:~# apt install –yes virt-manager

virtual-manager-fedora-28-linux-virtual-machine-settings-screenshot

3. Configure bridged networking to allow access to newly configured VMs

Bridging has to be added via /etc/network/interfaces therefore it is a good idea to create a backup of it before modifying:

# cp -rpf /etc/network/interfaces /etc/network/interfaces.bakup-$(echo $(date '+%Y-%m-%d-%H'))

# vim /etc/network/interfaces

auto br0
iface br0 inet static
         address 10.15.44.26
         netmask 255.255.255.192
         broadcast 10.15.44.63
         dns-nameservers 10.0.80.11 10.0.80.12
         # set static route for LAN
    post-up route add -net 10.0.0.0 netmask 255.0.0.0 gw 10.18.44.1
    post-up route add -net 161.26.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 gw 10.18.44.1
         bridge_ports eth0
         bridge_stp off
         bridge_fd 0
         bridge_maxwait 0

# br1 setup with static wan IPv4 with ISP router as a default gateway
auto br1
iface br1 inet static
         address 192.168.222.51
         netmask 255.255.255.248
         broadcast 192.168.222.55
         gateway 192.168.222.49
         bridge_ports eth1
         bridge_stp off
         bridge_fd 0
         bridge_maxwait 0

Once file is saved in vim editor restart the networking.

# systemctl restart network.manager

To verify whether the bridge has been succesfully upped.

root@jeremiah:/home/hipo/kvm# brctl show
bridge name bridge id STP enabled interfaces
virbr0 8000.525400cb1cd1 yes virbr0-nic

4. List all installable Virtual OS images

root@jeremiah:/home/hipo/kvm# virt-builder -list
centos-6                 x86_64     CentOS 6.6
centos-7.0               x86_64     CentOS 7.0
centos-7.1               x86_64     CentOS 7.1
centos-7.2               aarch64    CentOS 7.2 (aarch64)
centos-7.2               x86_64     CentOS 7.2
centos-7.3               x86_64     CentOS 7.3
centos-7.4               x86_64     CentOS 7.4
centos-7.5               x86_64     CentOS 7.5
cirros-0.3.1             x86_64     CirrOS 0.3.1
cirros-0.3.5             x86_64     CirrOS 0.3.5
debian-6                 x86_64     Debian 6 (Squeeze)
debian-7                 sparc64    Debian 7 (Wheezy) (sparc64)
debian-7                 x86_64     Debian 7 (wheezy)
debian-8                 x86_64     Debian 8 (jessie)
debian-9                 x86_64     Debian 9 (stretch)
fedora-18                x86_64     Fedora® 18
fedora-19                x86_64     Fedora® 19
fedora-20                x86_64     Fedora® 20
fedora-21                aarch64    Fedora® 21 Server (aarch64)
fedora-21                armv7l     Fedora® 21 Server (armv7l)
fedora-21                ppc64      Fedora® 21 Server (ppc64)
fedora-21                ppc64le    Fedora® 21 Server (ppc64le)
fedora-21                x86_64     Fedora® 21 Server
fedora-22                aarch64    Fedora® 22 Server (aarch64)
fedora-22                armv7l     Fedora® 22 Server (armv7l)
fedora-22                i686       Fedora® 22 Server (i686)
fedora-22                x86_64     Fedora® 22 Server
fedora-23                aarch64    Fedora® 23 Server (aarch64)
fedora-23                armv7l     Fedora® 23 Server (armv7l)
fedora-23                i686       Fedora® 23 Server (i686)
fedora-23                ppc64      Fedora® 23 Server (ppc64)
fedora-23                ppc64le    Fedora® 23 Server (ppc64le)
fedora-23                x86_64     Fedora® 23 Server
fedora-24                aarch64    Fedora® 24 Server (aarch64)
fedora-24                armv7l     Fedora® 24 Server (armv7l)
fedora-24                i686       Fedora® 24 Server (i686)
fedora-24                x86_64     Fedora® 24 Server
fedora-25                aarch64    Fedora® 25 Server (aarch64)
fedora-25                armv7l     Fedora® 25 Server (armv7l)
fedora-25                i686       Fedora® 25 Server (i686)
fedora-25                ppc64      Fedora® 25 Server (ppc64)
fedora-25                ppc64le    Fedora® 25 Server (ppc64le)
fedora-25                x86_64     Fedora® 25 Server
fedora-26                aarch64    Fedora® 26 Server (aarch64)
fedora-26                armv7l     Fedora® 26 Server (armv7l)
fedora-26                i686       Fedora® 26 Server (i686)
fedora-26                ppc64      Fedora® 26 Server (ppc64)
fedora-26                ppc64le    Fedora® 26 Server (ppc64le)
fedora-26                x86_64     Fedora® 26 Server
fedora-27                aarch64    Fedora® 27 Server (aarch64)
fedora-27                armv7l     Fedora® 27 Server (armv7l)
fedora-27                i686       Fedora® 27 Server (i686)
fedora-27                ppc64      Fedora® 27 Server (ppc64)
fedora-27                ppc64le    Fedora® 27 Server (ppc64le)
fedora-27                x86_64     Fedora® 27 Server
fedora-28                i686       Fedora® 28 Server (i686)
fedora-28                x86_64     Fedora® 28 Server
freebsd-11.1             x86_64     FreeBSD 11.1
scientificlinux-6        x86_64     Scientific Linux 6.5
ubuntu-10.04             x86_64     Ubuntu 10.04 (Lucid)
ubuntu-12.04             x86_64     Ubuntu 12.04 (Precise)
ubuntu-14.04             x86_64     Ubuntu 14.04 (Trusty)
ubuntu-16.04             x86_64     Ubuntu 16.04 (Xenial)
ubuntu-18.04             x86_64     Ubuntu 18.04 (bionic)
opensuse-13.1            x86_64     openSUSE 13.1
opensuse-13.2            x86_64     openSUSE 13.2
opensuse-42.1            x86_64     openSUSE Leap 42.1
opensuse-tumbleweed      x86_64     openSUSE Tumbleweed

5. Create Virtual Machine OS-es from scratch with virt-builder

Below we'll create two images one for Fedora 28 and 1 for Debian 9 using the virt-builder (a tool to build virtual images quickly), the images that could be used are shown through below virt-builder –list command.

# iso='fedora-28';
# iso1='debian-9';

# sudo virt-builder $iso \
   –size=10G \
   –format qcow2 -o /var/lib/libvirt/images/$iso-vm1.qcow2 \
   –hostname $iso-vm1 \
   –network \
   –timezone Europe/Sofia

[   3.3] Downloading: http://libguestfs.org/download/builder/fedora-28.xz
[   5.2] Planning how to build this image
[   5.2] Uncompressing
[ 20.8] Resizing (using virt-resize) to expand the disk to 10.0G
[ 50.8] Opening the new disk
[ 53.7] Setting a random seed
[ 53.7] Setting the hostname: fedora-28-vm1
[ 53.7] Setting the timezone: Europe/Sofia
[ 53.7] Setting passwords
virt-builder: Setting random password of root to YMTkxaJIkEU24Ytf
[ 54.7] Finishing off
                   Output file: /var/lib/libvirt/images/fedora-28-vm1.qcow2
                   Output size: 10.0G
                 Output format: qcow2
            Total usable space: 9.3G
                    Free space: 8.2G (87%)

# sudo virt-builder $iso1 \
   –size=10G \
   –format qcow2 -o /var/lib/libvirt/images/$iso-vm1.qcow2 \
   –hostname $iso1-vm1 \
   –network \
   –timezone Europe/Sofia

[   3.2] Downloading: http://libguestfs.org/download/builder/debian-9.xz
[   4.1] Planning how to build this image
[   4.1] Uncompressing
[ 16.9] Resizing (using virt-resize) to expand the disk to 10.0G
[ 40.1] Opening the new disk
[ 42.9] Setting a random seed
virt-builder: warning: random seed could not be set for this type of guest
[ 42.9] Setting the hostname: debian-9-vm1
[ 43.6] Setting the timezone: Europe/Sofia
[ 43.6] Setting passwords
virt-builder: Setting random password of root to JtzEYGff9KxL5jCR
[ 44.3] Finishing off
                   Output file: /var/lib/libvirt/images/debian-9-vm1.qcow2
                   Output size: 10.0G
                 Output format: qcow2
            Total usable space: 9.8G
                    Free space: 9.0G (91%)

vim bridged.xml

# sudo virsh net-define –file bridged.xml
# sudo virsh net-autostart br0
# sudo virsh net-start br0

Above two commands will download pre-packaged KVM isos and store them inside /var/lib/libvirt/images/ you see also the root (administrator) password for both ISOs printed out.

root@jeremiah:/home/hipo/kvm# ls -ld /var/lib/libvirt/images/*
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 10739318784 Oct 12 23:45 /var/lib/libvirt/images/debian-9-vm1.qcow2
-rw-r–r– 1 root root 10739318784 Oct 12 23:46 /var/lib/libvirt/images/fedora-28-vm1.qcow2

To access directly the new created VMs as we have specified the –vnc option it is possible to directly vnc to the new host with VNC client (in linux I use vncviewer), on Windows you can use something like TightVNC.

6. Use official Linux distributions ISO boot files to install into KVM VM

Those who would like to run inside KVM VM Linux could do it directly using installable ISO files and install the set of Linux with the required packages, just like installing a fresh new Linux on a bare-metal machine.
To do so download your ISO image from the net (either from official distro website or a mirror website, in case if you need to spin an older version) and use virt-install to run the installer inside KVM.

root@jeremiah:~# cd /var/lib/libvirt/boot/;
root@jeremiah:~# wget http://mirrors.netix.net/centos/7.5.1804/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1804.iso
…

# sudo virt-install \
–virt-type=kvm \
–name centos7 \
–ram 2048 \
–vcpus=2 \
–os-variant=centos7.0 \
–virt-type=kvm \
–hvm \
–cdrom=/var/lib/libvirt/boot/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1804.iso \
–network=bridge=br0,model=virtio \
–network=bridge=br1,model=virtio \
–graphics vnc \
–disk path=/var/lib/libvirt/images/centos7.qcow2,size=40,bus=virtio,format=qcow2

7. List newly created VMs with Virsh command

root@jeremiah:/home/hipo/kvm# virsh list –all
Id    Name                           State
—————————————————-
3     fedora-28                      running
–     debian9                        shut off

The –all parameter lists all available VMs ready to spin, if you want to check what are the VMs that are only running use instead:

root@jeremiah:/home/hipo/kvm# virsh list
Id Name State
—————————————————-
3 fedora-28 running

8. Install Virtual Machine OS-es

Below lines will install 2 Virtual machines one Fedora 28 and Debian 9

os='fedora-28';
virt-install –import –name $os \
   –ram 2048 \
   –vcpu 2 \
   –disk path=/var/lib/libvirt/images/$os-vm1.qcow2,format=qcow2 \
   –os-variant fedora-unknown \
   –network=bridge=br0,model=virtio \
    –noautoconsole \
–hvm \
–graphics vnc

os='debian9';
virt-install –import –name $os     \
–ram 2048     \
–vcpu 2     \
–disk path=/var/lib/libvirt/images/$os-vm1.qcow2,format=qcow2     \
–os-variant debian9     –network=bridge=br0,model=virtio     \
–noautoconsole \
–hvm \
–graphics vnc

To deploy more just change the virtual machine type in os variable and modify the –os-variant variable to match the distribution name, to get the correct –os-variant variables that can be passed use osinfo-query below is output of the cmd:

root@jeremiah:/home/hipo/kvm# osinfo-query os
Short ID             | Name                                               | Version | ID
———————-+—————————————————-+———-+—————————————–
altlinux1.0          | Mandrake RE Spring 2001                            | 1.0      | http://altlinux.org/altlinux/1.0
altlinux2.0          | ALT Linux 2.0                                      | 2.0      | http://altlinux.org/altlinux/2.0
altlinux2.2          | ALT Linux 2.2                                      | 2.2      | http://altlinux.org/altlinux/2.2
altlinux2.4          | ALT Linux 2.4                                      | 2.4      | http://altlinux.org/altlinux/2.4
altlinux3.0          | ALT Linux 3.0                                      | 3.0      | http://altlinux.org/altlinux/3.0
altlinux4.0          | ALT Linux 4.0                                      | 4.0      | http://altlinux.org/altlinux/4.0
altlinux4.1          | ALT Linux 4.1                                      | 4.1      | http://altlinux.org/altlinux/4.1
altlinux5.0          | ALT Linux 5.0                                      | 5.0      | http://altlinux.org/altlinux/5.0
altlinux6.0          | ALT Linux 6.0                                      | 6.0      | http://altlinux.org/altlinux/6.0
altlinux7.0          | ALT Linux 7.0                                      | 7.0      | http://altlinux.org/altlinux/7.0
centos6.0            | CentOS 6.0                                         | 6.0      | http://centos.org/centos/6.0
centos6.1            | CentOS 6.1                                         | 6.1      | http://centos.org/centos/6.1
centos6.2            | CentOS 6.2                                         | 6.2      | http://centos.org/centos/6.2
centos6.3            | CentOS 6.3                                         | 6.3      | http://centos.org/centos/6.3
centos6.4            | CentOS 6.4                                         | 6.4      | http://centos.org/centos/6.4
centos6.5            | CentOS 6.5                                         | 6.5      | http://centos.org/centos/6.5
centos6.6            | CentOS 6.6                                         | 6.6      | http://centos.org/centos/6.6
centos6.7            | CentOS 6.7                                         | 6.7      | http://centos.org/centos/6.7
centos6.8            | CentOS 6.8                                         | 6.8      | http://centos.org/centos/6.8
centos6.9            | CentOS 6.9                                         | 6.9      | http://centos.org/centos/6.9
centos7.0            | CentOS 7.0                                         | 7.0      | http://centos.org/centos/7.0
debian1.1            | Debian Buzz                                        | 1.1      | http://debian.org/debian/1.1
debian1.2            | Debian Rex                                         | 1.2      | http://debian.org/debian/1.2
debian1.3            | Debian Bo                                          | 1.3      | http://debian.org/debian/1.3
debian2.0            | Debian Hamm                                        | 2.0      | http://debian.org/debian/2.0
debian2.1            | Debian Slink                                       | 2.1      | http://debian.org/debian/2.1
debian2.2            | Debian Potato                                      | 2.2      | http://debian.org/debian/2.2
debian3              | Debian Woody                                       | 3        | http://debian.org/debian/3
debian3.1            | Debian Sarge                                       | 3.1      | http://debian.org/debian/3.1
debian4              | Debian Etch                                        | 4        | http://debian.org/debian/4
debian5              | Debian Lenny                                       | 5        | http://debian.org/debian/5
debian6              | Debian Squeeze                                     | 6        | http://debian.org/debian/6
debian7              | Debian Wheezy                                      | 7        | http://debian.org/debian/7
debian8              | Debian Jessie                                      | 8        | http://debian.org/debian/8
debian9              | Debian Stretch                                     | 9        | http://debian.org/debian/9
debiantesting        | Debian Testing                                     | testing | http://debian.org/debian/testing
fedora-unknown       | Fedora                                             | unknown | http://fedoraproject.org/fedora/unknown
fedora1              | Fedora Core 1                                      | 1        | http://fedoraproject.org/fedora/1
fedora10             | Fedora 10                                          | 10       | http://fedoraproject.org/fedora/10
fedora11             | Fedora 11                                          | 11       | http://fedoraproject.org/fedora/11
fedora12             | Fedora 12                                          | 12       | http://fedoraproject.org/fedora/12
fedora13             | Fedora 13                                          | 13       | http://fedoraproject.org/fedora/13
fedora14             | Fedora 14                                          | 14       | http://fedoraproject.org/fedora/14
fedora15             | Fedora 15                                          | 15       | http://fedoraproject.org/fedora/15
fedora16             | Fedora 16                                          | 16       | http://fedoraproject.org/fedora/16
fedora17             | Fedora 17                                          | 17       | http://fedoraproject.org/fedora/17
fedora18             | Fedora 18                                          | 18       | http://fedoraproject.org/fedora/18
fedora19             | Fedora 19                                          | 19       | http://fedoraproject.org/fedora/19
fedora2              | Fedora Core 2                                      | 2        | http://fedoraproject.org/fedora/2
fedora20             | Fedora 20                                          | 20       | http://fedoraproject.org/fedora/20
fedora21             | Fedora 21                                          | 21       | http://fedoraproject.org/fedora/21
fedora22             | Fedora 22                                          | 22       | http://fedoraproject.org/fedora/22
fedora23             | Fedora 23                                          | 23       | http://fedoraproject.org/fedora/23
fedora24             | Fedora 24                                          | 24       | http://fedoraproject.org/fedora/24
fedora25             | Fedora 25                                          | 25       | http://fedoraproject.org/fedora/25
fedora26             | Fedora 26                                          | 26       | http://fedoraproject.org/fedora/26
fedora3              | Fedora Core 3                                      | 3        | http://fedoraproject.org/fedora/3
fedora4              | Fedora Core 4                                      | 4        | http://fedoraproject.org/fedora/4
fedora5              | Fedora Core 5                                      | 5        | http://fedoraproject.org/fedora/5
fedora6              | Fedora Core 6                                      | 6        | http://fedoraproject.org/fedora/6
fedora7              | Fedora 7                                           | 7        | http://fedoraproject.org/fedora/7
fedora8              | Fedora 8                                           | 8        | http://fedoraproject.org/fedora/8
fedora9              | Fedora 9                                           | 9        | http://fedoraproject.org/fedora/9
freebsd1.0           | FreeBSD 1.0                                        | 1.0      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/1.0
freebsd10.0          | FreeBSD 10.0                                       | 10.0     | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/10.0
freebsd10.1          | FreeBSD 10.1                                       | 10.1     | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/10.1
freebsd10.2          | FreeBSD 10.2                                       | 10.2     | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/10.2
freebsd10.3          | FreeBSD 10.3                                       | 10.3     | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/10.3
freebsd10.4          | FreeBSD 10.4                                       | 10.4     | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/10.4
freebsd11.0          | FreeBSD 11.0                                       | 11.0     | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/11.0
freebsd11.1          | FreeBSD 11.1                                       | 11.1     | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/11.1
freebsd2.0           | FreeBSD 2.0                                        | 2.0      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/2.0
freebsd2.0.5         | FreeBSD 2.0.5                                      | 2.0.5    | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/2.0.5
freebsd2.2.8         | FreeBSD 2.2.8                                      | 2.2.8    | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/2.2.8
freebsd2.2.9         | FreeBSD 2.2.9                                      | 2.2.9    | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/2.2.9
freebsd3.0           | FreeBSD 3.0                                        | 3.0      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/3.0
freebsd3.2           | FreeBSD 3.2                                        | 3.2      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/3.2
freebsd4.0           | FreeBSD 4.0                                        | 4.0      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/4.0
freebsd4.1           | FreeBSD 4.1                                        | 4.1      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/4.1
freebsd4.10          | FreeBSD 4.10                                       | 4.10     | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/4.10
freebsd4.11          | FreeBSD 4.11                                       | 4.11     | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/4.11
freebsd4.2           | FreeBSD 4.2                                        | 4.2      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/4.2
freebsd4.3           | FreeBSD 4.3                                        | 4.3      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/4.3
freebsd4.4           | FreeBSD 4.4                                        | 4.4      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/4.4
freebsd4.5           | FreeBSD 4.5                                        | 4.5      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/4.5
freebsd4.6           | FreeBSD 4.6                                        | 4.6      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/4.6
freebsd4.7           | FreeBSD 4.7                                        | 4.7      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/4.7
freebsd4.8           | FreeBSD 4.8                                        | 4.8      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/4.8
freebsd4.9           | FreeBSD 4.9                                        | 4.9      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/4.9
freebsd5.0           | FreeBSD 5.0                                        | 5.0      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/5.0
freebsd5.1           | FreeBSD 5.1                                        | 5.1      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/5.1
freebsd5.2           | FreeBSD 5.2                                        | 5.2      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/5.2
freebsd5.2.1         | FreeBSD 5.2.1                                      | 5.2.1    | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/5.2.1
freebsd5.3           | FreeBSD 5.3                                        | 5.3      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/5.3
freebsd5.4           | FreeBSD 5.4                                        | 5.4      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/5.4
freebsd5.5           | FreeBSD 5.5                                        | 5.5      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/5.5
freebsd6.0           | FreeBSD 6.0                                        | 6.0      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/6.0
freebsd6.1           | FreeBSD 6.1                                        | 6.1      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/6.1
freebsd6.2           | FreeBSD 6.2                                        | 6.2      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/6.2
freebsd6.3           | FreeBSD 6.3                                        | 6.3      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/6.3
freebsd6.4           | FreeBSD 6.4                                        | 6.4      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/6.4
freebsd7.0           | FreeBSD 7.0                                        | 7.0      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/7.0
freebsd7.1           | FreeBSD 7.1                                        | 7.1      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/7.1
freebsd7.2           | FreeBSD 7.2                                        | 7.2      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/7.2
freebsd7.3           | FreeBSD 7.3                                        | 7.3      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/7.3
freebsd7.4           | FreeBSD 7.4                                        | 7.4      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/7.4
freebsd8.0           | FreeBSD 8.0                                        | 8.0      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/8.0
freebsd8.1           | FreeBSD 8.1                                        | 8.1      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/8.1
freebsd8.2           | FreeBSD 8.2                                        | 8.2      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/8.2
freebsd8.3           | FreeBSD 8.3                                        | 8.3      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/8.3
freebsd8.4           | FreeBSD 8.4                                        | 8.4      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/8.4
freebsd9.0           | FreeBSD 9.0                                        | 9.0      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/9.0
freebsd9.1           | FreeBSD 9.1                                        | 9.1      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/9.1
freebsd9.2           | FreeBSD 9.2                                        | 9.2      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/9.2
freebsd9.3           | FreeBSD 9.3                                        | 9.3      | http://freebsd.org/freebsd/9.3
freedos1.2           | FreeDOS 1.2                                        | 1.2      | http://freedos.org/freedos/1.2
gnome-continuous-3.10 | GNOME 3.10                                         | 3.10     | http://gnome.org/gnome-continuous/3.10
gnome-continuous-3.12 | GNOME 3.12                                         | 3.12     | http://gnome.org/gnome-continuous/3.12
gnome-continuous-3.14 | GNOME 3.14                                         | 3.14     | http://gnome.org/gnome-continuous/3.14
gnome3.6             | GNOME 3.6                                          | 3.6      | http://gnome.org/gnome/3.6
gnome3.8             | GNOME 3.8                                          | 3.8      | http://gnome.org/gnome/3.8
macosx10.0           | MacOS X Cheetah                                    | 10.0     | http://apple.com/macosx/10.0
macosx10.1           | MacOS X Puma                                       | 10.1     | http://apple.com/macosx/10.1
macosx10.2           | MacOS X Jaguar                                     | 10.2     | http://apple.com/macosx/10.2
macosx10.3           | MacOS X Panther                                    | 10.3     | http://apple.com/macosx/10.3
macosx10.4           | MacOS X Tiger                                      | 10.4     | http://apple.com/macosx/10.4
macosx10.5           | MacOS X Leopard                                    | 10.5     | http://apple.com/macosx/10.5
macosx10.6           | MacOS X Snow Leopard                               | 10.6     | http://apple.com/macosx/10.6
macosx10.7           | MacOS X Lion                                       | 10.7     | http://apple.com/macosx/10.7
mageia1              | Mageia 1                                           | 1        | http://mageia.org/mageia/1
mageia2              | Mageia 2                                           | 2        | http://mageia.org/mageia/2
mageia3              | Mageia 3                                           | 3        | http://mageia.org/mageia/3
mageia4              | Mageia 4                                           | 4        | http://mageia.org/mageia/4
mageia5              | Mageia 5                                           | 5        | http://mageia.org/mageia/5
mageia6              | Mageia 6                                           | 6        | http://mageia.org/mageia/6
mandrake10.0         | Mandrake Linux 10.0                                | 10.0     | http://mandriva.com/mandrake/10.0
mandrake10.1         | Mandrake Linux 10.1                                | 10.1     | http://mandriva.com/mandrake/10.1
mandrake10.2         | Mandrake Linux 10.2                                | 10.2     | http://mandriva.com/mandrake/10.2
mandrake5.1          | Mandrake Linux 5.1                                 | 5.1      | http://mandriva.com/mandrake/5.1
mandrake5.2          | Mandrake Linux 5.2                                 | 5.2      | http://mandriva.com/mandrake/5.2
mandrake5.3          | Mandrake Linux 5.3                                 | 5.3      | http://mandriva.com/mandrake/5.3
mandrake6.0          | Mandrake Linux 6.0                                 | 6.0      | http://mandriva.com/mandrake/6.0
mandrake6.1          | Mandrake Linux 6.1                                 | 6.1      | http://mandriva.com/mandrake/6.1
mandrake7.0          | Mandrake Linux 7.0                                 | 7.0      | http://mandriva.com/mandrake/7.0
mandrake7.1          | Mandrake Linux 7.1                                 | 7.1      | http://mandriva.com/mandrake/7.1
mandrake7.2          | Mandrake Linux 7.2                                 | 7.2      | http://mandriva.com/mandrake/7.2
mandrake8.0          | Mandrake Linux 8.0                                 | 8.0      | http://mandriva.com/mandrake/8.0
mandrake8.1          | Mandrake Linux 8.1                                 | 8.1      | http://mandriva.com/mandrake/8.1
mandrake8.2          | Mandrake Linux 8.2                                 | 8.2      | http://mandriva.com/mandrake/8.2
mandrake9.0          | Mandrake Linux 9.0                                 | 9.0      | http://mandriva.com/mandrake/9.0
mandrake9.1          | Mandrake Linux 9.1                                 | 9.1      | http://mandriva.com/mandrake/9.1
mandrake9.2          | Mandrake Linux 9.2                                 | 9.2      | http://mandriva.com/mandrake/9.2
mandriva2006.0       | Mandriva Linux 2006.0                              | 2006.0   | http://mandriva.com/mandriva/2006.0
mandriva2007         | Mandriva Linux 2007                                | 2007     | http://mandriva.com/mandriva/2007
mandriva2007.1       | Mandriva Linux 2007 Spring                         | 2007.1   | http://mandriva.com/mandriva/2007.1
mandriva2008.0       | Mandriva Linux 2008                                | 2008.0   | http://mandriva.com/mandriva/2008.0
mandriva2008.1       | Mandriva Linux 2008 Spring                         | 2008.1   | http://mandriva.com/mandriva/2008.1
mandriva2009.0       | Mandriva Linux 2009                                | 2009.0   | http://mandriva.com/mandriva/2009.0
mandriva2009.1       | Mandriva Linux 2009 Spring                         | 2009.1   | http://mandriva.com/mandriva/2009.1
mandriva2010.0       | Mandriva Linux 2010                                | 2010.0   | http://mandriva.com/mandriva/2010.0
mandriva2010.1       | Mandriva Linux 2010 Spring                         | 2010.1   | http://mandriva.com/mandriva/2010.1
mandriva2010.2       | Mandriva Linux 2010.2                              | 2010.2   | http://mandriva.com/mandriva/2010.2
mandriva2011         | Mandriva Linux 2011                                | 2011     | http://mandriva.com/mandriva/2011
mbs1.0               | Mandriva Business Server 1.0                       | 1.0      | http://mandriva.com/mbs/1.0
mes5                 | Mandriva Enterprise Server 5.0                     | 5.0      | http://mandriva.com/mes/5.0
mes5.1               | Mandriva Enterprise Server 5.1                     | 5.1      | http://mandriva.com/mes/5.1
msdos6.22            | Microsoft MS-DOS 6.22                              | 6.22     | http://microsoft.com/msdos/6.22
netbsd0.8            | NetBSD 0.8                                         | 0.8      | http://netbsd.org/netbsd/0.8
netbsd0.9            | NetBSD 0.9                                         | 0.9      | http://netbsd.org/netbsd/0.9
netbsd1.0            | NetBSD 1.0                                         | 1.0      | http://netbsd.org/netbsd/1.0
netbsd1.1            | NetBSD 1.1                                         | 1.1      | http://netbsd.org/netbsd/1.1
netbsd1.2            | NetBSD 1.2                                         | 1.2      | http://netbsd.org/netbsd/1.2
netbsd1.3            | NetBSD 1.3                                         | 1.3      | http://netbsd.org/netbsd/1.3
netbsd1.4            | NetBSD 1.4                                         | 1.4      | http://netbsd.org/netbsd/1.4
netbsd1.5            | NetBSD 1.5                                         | 1.5      | http://netbsd.org/netbsd/1.5
netbsd1.6            | NetBSD 1.6                                         | 1.6      | http://netbsd.org/netbsd/1.6
netbsd2.0            | NetBSD 2.0                                         | 2.0      | http://netbsd.org/netbsd/2.0
netbsd3.0            | NetBSD 3.0                                         | 3.0      | http://netbsd.org/netbsd/3.0
netbsd4.0            | NetBSD 4.0                                         | 4.0      | http://netbsd.org/netbsd/4.0
netbsd5.0            | NetBSD 5.0                                         | 5.0      | http://netbsd.org/netbsd/5.0
netbsd5.1            | NetBSD 5.1                                         | 5.1      | http://netbsd.org/netbsd/5.1
netbsd6.0            | NetBSD 6.0                                         | 6.0      | http://netbsd.org/netbsd/6.0
netbsd6.1            | NetBSD 6.1                                         | 6.1      | http://netbsd.org/netbsd/6.1
netbsd7.0            | NetBSD 7.0                                         | 7.0      | http://netbsd.org/netbsd/7.0
netbsd7.1            | NetBSD 7.1                                         | 7.1      | http://netbsd.org/netbsd/7.1
netbsd7.1.1          | NetBSD 7.1.1                                       | 7.1.1    | http://netbsd.org/netbsd/7.1.1
netware4             | Novell Netware 4                                   | 4        | http://novell.com/netware/4
netware5             | Novell Netware 5                                   | 5        | http://novell.com/netware/5
netware6             | Novell Netware 6                                   | 6        | http://novell.com/netware/6
openbsd4.2           | OpenBSD 4.2                                        | 4.2      | http://openbsd.org/openbsd/4.2
openbsd4.3           | OpenBSD 4.3                                        | 4.3      | http://openbsd.org/openbsd/4.3
openbsd4.4           | OpenBSD 4.4                                        | 4.4      | http://openbsd.org/openbsd/4.4
openbsd4.5           | OpenBSD 4.5                                        | 4.5      | http://openbsd.org/openbsd/4.5
openbsd4.8           | OpenBSD 4.8                                        | 4.8      | http://openbsd.org/openbsd/4.8
openbsd4.9           | OpenBSD 4.9                                        | 4.9      | http://openbsd.org/openbsd/4.9
openbsd5.0           | OpenBSD 5.0                                        | 5.0      | http://openbsd.org/openbsd/5.0
openbsd5.1           | OpenBSD 5.1                                        | 5.1      | http://openbsd.org/openbsd/5.1
openbsd5.2           | OpenBSD 5.2                                        | 5.2      | http://openbsd.org/openbsd/5.2
openbsd5.3           | OpenBSD 5.3                                        | 5.3      | http://openbsd.org/openbsd/5.3
openbsd5.4           | OpenBSD 5.4                                        | 5.4      | http://openbsd.org/openbsd/5.4
openbsd5.5           | OpenBSD 5.5                                        | 5.5      | http://openbsd.org/openbsd/5.5
openbsd5.6           | OpenBSD 5.6                                        | 5.6      | http://openbsd.org/openbsd/5.6
openbsd5.7           | OpenBSD 5.7                                        | 5.7      | http://openbsd.org/openbsd/5.7
openbsd5.8           | OpenBSD 5.8                                        | 5.8      | http://openbsd.org/openbsd/5.8
openbsd5.9           | OpenBSD 5.9                                        | 5.9      | http://openbsd.org/openbsd/5.9
openbsd6.0           | OpenBSD 6.0                                        | 6.0      | http://openbsd.org/openbsd/6.0
openbsd6.1           | OpenBSD 6.1                                        | 6.1      | http://openbsd.org/openbsd/6.1
openbsd6.2           | OpenBSD 6.2                                        | 6.2      | http://openbsd.org/openbsd/6.2
opensolaris2009.06   | OpenSolaris 2009.06                                | 2009.06 | http://sun.com/opensolaris/2009.06
opensuse-factory     | openSUSE                                           | factory | http://opensuse.org/opensuse/factory
opensuse-unknown     | openSUSE                                           | unknown | http://opensuse.org/opensuse/unknown
opensuse10.2         | openSUSE 10.2                                      | 10.2     | http://opensuse.org/opensuse/10.2
opensuse10.3         | openSUSE 10.3                                      | 10.3     | http://opensuse.org/opensuse/10.3
opensuse11.0         | openSUSE 11.0                                      | 11.0     | http://opensuse.org/opensuse/11.0
opensuse11.1         | openSUSE 11.1                                      | 11.1     | http://opensuse.org/opensuse/11.1
opensuse11.2         | openSUSE 11.2                                      | 11.2     | http://opensuse.org/opensuse/11.2
opensuse11.3         | openSUSE 11.3                                      | 11.3     | http://opensuse.org/opensuse/11.3
opensuse11.4         | openSUSE 11.4                                      | 11.4     | http://opensuse.org/opensuse/11.4
opensuse12.1         | openSUSE 12.1                                      | 12.1     | http://opensuse.org/opensuse/12.1
opensuse12.2         | openSUSE 12.2                                      | 12.2     | http://opensuse.org/opensuse/12.2
opensuse12.3         | openSUSE 12.3                                      | 12.3     | http://opensuse.org/opensuse/12.3
opensuse13.1         | openSUSE 13.1                                      | 13.1     | http://opensuse.org/opensuse/13.1
opensuse13.2         | openSUSE 13.2                                      | 13.2     | http://opensuse.org/opensuse/13.2
opensuse42.1         | openSUSE Leap 42.1                                 | 42.1     | http://opensuse.org/opensuse/42.1
opensuse42.2         | openSUSE Leap 42.2                                 | 42.2     | http://opensuse.org/opensuse/42.2
opensuse42.3         | openSUSE Leap 42.3                                 | 42.3     | http://opensuse.org/opensuse/42.3
opensusetumbleweed   | openSUSE Tumbleweed                                | tumbleweed | http://opensuse.org/opensuse/tumbleweed
rhel-atomic-7.0      | Red Hat Enterprise Linux Atomic Host 7.0           | 7.0      | http://redhat.com/rhel-atomic/7.0
rhel-atomic-7.1      | Red Hat Enterprise Linux Atomic Host 7.1           | 7.1      | http://redhat.com/rhel-atomic/7.1
rhel-atomic-7.2      | Red Hat Enterprise Linux Atomic Host 7.2           | 7.2      | http://redhat.com/rhel-atomic/7.2
rhel2.1              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 2.1                       | 2.1      | http://redhat.com/rhel/2.1
rhel2.1.1            | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 2.1 Update 1  /etc/bind/masters/elinvent.com            | 2.1.1    | http://redhat.com/rhel/2.1.1
rhel2.1.2            | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 2.1 Update 2              | 2.1.2    | http://redhat.com/rhel/2.1.2
rhel2.1.3            | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 2.1 Update 3              | 2.1.3    | http://redhat.com/rhel/2.1.3
rhel2.1.4            | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 2.1 Update 4              | 2.1.4    | http://redhat.com/rhel/2.1.4
rhel2.1.5            | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 2.1 Update 5              | 2.1.5    | http://redhat.com/rhel/2.1.5
rhel2.1.6            | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 2.1 Update 6              | 2.1.6    | http://redhat.com/rhel/2.1.6
rhel2.1.7            | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 2.1 Update 7              | 2.1.7    | http://redhat.com/rhel/2.1.7
rhel3                | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3                         | 3        | http://redhat.com/rhel/3
rhel3.1              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 Update 1                | 3.1      | http://redhat.com/rhel/3.1
rhel3.2              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 Update 2                | 3.2      | http://redhat.com/rhel/3.2
rhel3.3              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 Update 3                | 3.3      | http://redhat.com/rhel/3.3
rhel3.4              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 Update 4                | 3.4      | http://redhat.com/rhel/3.4
rhel3.5              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 Update 5                | 3.5      | http://redhat.com/rhel/3.5
rhel3.6              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 Update 6                | 3.6      | http://redhat.com/rhel/3.6
rhel3.7              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 Update 7                | 3.7      | http://redhat.com/rhel/3.7
rhel3.8              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 Update 8                | 3.8      | http://redhat.com/rhel/3.8
rhel3.9              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 Update 9                | 3.9      | http://redhat.com/rhel/3.9
rhel4.0              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4.0                       | 4.0      | http://redhat.com/rhel/4.0
rhel4.1              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4.1                       | 4.1      | http://redhat.com/rhel/4.1
rhel4.2              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4.2                       | 4.2      | http://redhat.com/rhel/4.2
rhel4.3              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4.3                       | 4.3      | http://redhat.com/rhel/4.3
rhel4.4              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4.4                       | 4.4      | http://redhat.com/rhel/4.4
rhel4.5              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4.5                       | 4.5      | http://redhat.com/rhel/4.5
rhel4.6              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4.6                       | 4.6      | http://redhat.com/rhel/4.6
rhel4.7              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4.7                       | 4.7      | http://redhat.com/rhel/4.7
rhel4.8              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4.8                       | 4.8      | http://redhat.com/rhel/4.8
rhel4.9              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4.9                       | 4.9      | http://redhat.com/rhel/4.9
rhel5.0              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.0                       | 5.0      | http://redhat.com/rhel/5.0
rhel5.1              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.1                       | 5.1      | http://redhat.com/rhel/5.1
rhel5.10             | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.10                      | 5.10     | http://redhat.com/rhel/5.10
rhel5.11             | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.11                      | 5.11     | http://redhat.com/rhel/5.11
rhel5.2              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.2                       | 5.2      | http://redhat.com/rhel/5.2
rhel5.3              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.3                       | 5.3      | http://redhat.com/rhel/5.3
rhel5.4              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.4                       | 5.4      | http://redhat.com/rhel/5.4
rhel5.5              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.5                       | 5.5      | http://redhat.com/rhel/5.5
rhel5.6              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.6                       | 5.6      | http://redhat.com/rhel/5.6
rhel5.7              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.7                       | 5.7      | http://redhat.com/rhel/5.7
rhel5.8              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.8                       | 5.8      | http://redhat.com/rhel/5.8
rhel5.9              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.9                       | 5.9      | http://redhat.com/rhel/5.9
rhel6.0              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.0                       | 6.0      | http://redhat.com/rhel/6.0
rhel6.1              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.1                       | 6.1      | http://redhat.com/rhel/6.1
rhel6.2              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.2                       | 6.2      | http://redhat.com/rhel/6.2
rhel6.3              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.3                       | 6.3      | http://redhat.com/rhel/6.3
rhel6.4              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.4                       | 6.4      | http://redhat.com/rhel/6.4
rhel6.5              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.5                       | 6.5      | http://redhat.com/rhel/6.5
rhel6.6              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.6                       | 6.6      | http://redhat.com/rhel/6.6
rhel6.7              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.7                       | 6.7      | http://redhat.com/rhel/6.7
rhel6.8              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.8                       | 6.8      | http://redhat.com/rhel/6.8
rhel6.9              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.9                       | 6.9      | http://redhat.com/rhel/6.9
rhel7.0              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.0                       | 7.0      | http://redhat.com/rhel/7.0
rhel7.1              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.1                       | 7.1      | http://redhat.com/rhel/7.1
rhel7.2              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.2                       | 7.2      | http://redhat.com/rhel/7.2
rhel7.3              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.3                       | 7.3      | http://redhat.com/rhel/7.3
rhel7.4              | Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.4                       | 7.4      | http://redhat.com/rhel/7.4
rhl1.0               | Red Hat Linux 1.0                                  | 1.0      | http://redhat.com/rhl/1.0
rhl1.1               | Red Hat Linux 1.1                                  | 1.1      | http://redhat.com/rhl/1.1
rhl2.0               | Red Hat Linux 2.0                                  | 2.0      | http://redhat.com/rhl/2.0
rhl2.1               | Red Hat Linux 2.1                                  | 2.1      | http://redhat.com/rhl/2.1
rhl3.0.3             | Red Hat Linux 3.0.3                                | 3.0.3    | http://redhat.com/rhl/3.0.3
rhl4.0               | Red Hat Linux 4.0                                  | 4.0      | http://redhat.com/rhl/4.0
rhl4.1               | Red Hat Linux 4.1                                  | 4.1      | http://redhat.com/rhl/4.1
rhl4.2               | Red Hat Linux 4.2                                  | 4.2      | http://redhat.com/rhl/4.2
rhl5.0               | Red Hat Linux 5.0                                  | 5.0      | http://redhat.com/rhl/5.0
rhl5.1               | Red Hat Linux 5.1                                  | 5.1      | http://redhat.com/rhl/5.1
rhl5.2               | Red Hat Linux 5.2                                  | 5.2      | http://redhat.com/rhl/5.2
rhl6.0               | Red Hat Linux 6.0                                  | 6.0      | http://redhat.com/rhl/6.0
rhl6.1               | Red Hat Linux 6.1                                  | 6.1      | http://redhat.com/rhl/6.1
rhl6.2               | Red Hat Linux 6.2                                  | 6.2      | http://redhat.com/rhl/6.2
rhl7                 | Red Hat Linux 7                                    | 7        | http://redhat.com/rhl/7
rhl7.1               | Red Hat Linux 7.1                                  | 7.1      | http://redhat.com/rhl/7.1
rhl7.2               | Red Hat Linux 7.2                                  | 7.2      | http://redhat.com/rhl/7.2
rhl7.3               | Red Hat Linux 7.3                                  | 7.3      | http://redhat.com/rhl/7.3
rhl8.0               | Red Hat Linux 8.0                                  | 8.0      | http://redhat.com/rhl/8.0
rhl9                 | Red Hat Linux 9                                    | 9        | http://redhat.com/rhl/9
sled10               | SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 10                   | 10       | http://suse.com/sled/10
sled10sp1            | SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 10 SP1               | 10.1     | http://suse.com/sled/10.1
sled10sp2            | SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 10 SP2               | 10.2     | http://suse.com/sled/10.2
sled10sp3            | SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 10 SP3               | 10.3     | http://suse.com/sled/10.3
sled10sp4            | SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 10 SP4               | 10.4     | http://suse.com/sled/10.4
sled11               | SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 11                   | 11       | http://suse.com/sled/11
sled11sp1            | SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 11 SP1               | 11.1     | http://suse.com/sled/11.1
sled11sp2            | SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 11 SP2               | 11.2     | http://suse.com/sled/11.2
sled11sp3            | SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 11 SP3               | 11.3     | http://suse.com/sled/11.3
sled11sp4            | SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 11 SP4               | 11.4     | http://suse.com/sled/11.4
sled12               | SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 12                   | 12       | http://suse.com/sled/12
sled12sp1            | SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 12 SP1               | 12.1     | http://suse.com/sled/12.1
sled12sp2            | SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 12 SP2               | 12.2     | http://suse.com/sled/12.2
sled9                | SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 9                    | 9        | http://suse.com/sled/9
sles10               | SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 10            /etc/bind/masters/elinvent.com        | 10       | http://suse.com/sles/10
sles10sp1            | SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 10 SP1                | 10.1     | http://suse.com/sles/10.1
sles10sp2            | SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 10 SP2                | 10.2     | http://suse.com/sles/10.2
sles10sp3            | SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 10 SP3                | 10.3     | http://suse.com/sles/10.3
sles10sp4            | SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 10 SP4                | 10.4     | http://suse.com/sles/10.4
sles11               | SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11                    | 11       | http://suse.com/sles/11
sles11sp1            | SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 SP1                | 11.1     | http://suse.com/sles/11.1
sles11sp2            | SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 SP2                | 11.2     | http://suse.com/sles/11.2
sles11sp3            | SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 SP3                | 11.3     | http://suse.com/sles/11.3
sles11sp4            | SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 SP4                | 11.4     | http://suse.com/sles/11.4
sles12               | SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12                    | 12       | http://suse.com/sles/12
sles12sp1            | SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP1                | 12.1     | http://suse.com/sles/12.1
sles12sp2            | SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP2                | 12.2     | http://suse.com/sles/12.2
sles9                | SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 9                     | 9        | http://suse.com/sles/9
solaris10            | Solaris 10                                         | 10       | http://sun.com/solaris/10
solaris11            | Oracle Solaris 11                                  | 11       | http://oracle.com/solaris/11
solaris9             | Solaris 9                                          | 9        | http://sun.com/solaris/9
ubuntu10.04          | Ubuntu 10.04 LTS                                   | 10.04    | http://ubuntu.com/ubuntu/10.04
ubuntu10.10          | Ubuntu 10.10                                       | 10.10    | http://ubuntu.com/ubuntu/10.10
ubuntu11.04          | Ubuntu 11.04                                       | 11.04    | http://ubuntu.com/ubuntu/11.04
ubuntu11.10          | Ubuntu 11.10                                       | 11.10    | http://ubuntu.com/ubuntu/11.10
ubuntu12.04          | Ubuntu 12.04 LTS                                   | 12.04    | http://ubuntu.com/ubuntu/12.04
ubuntu12.10          | Ubuntu 12.10                                       | 12.10    | http://ubuntu.com/ubuntu/12.10
ubuntu13.04          | Ubuntu 13.04                                       | 13.04    | http://ubuntu.com/ubuntu/13.04
ubuntu13.10          | Ubuntu 13.10                                       | 13.10    | http://ubuntu.com/ubuntu/13.10
ubuntu14.04          | Ubuntu 14.04 LTS                                   | 14.04    | http://ubuntu.com/ubuntu/14.04
ubuntu14.10          | Ubuntu 14.10                                       | 14.10    | http://ubuntu.com/ubuntu/14.10
ubuntu15.04          | Ubuntu 15.04                                       | 15.04    | http://ubuntu.com/ubuntu/15.04
ubuntu15.10          | Ubuntu 15.10                                       | 15.10    | http://ubuntu.com/ubuntu/15.10
ubuntu16.04          | Ubuntu 16.04                                       | 16.04    | http://ubuntu.com/ubuntu/16.04
ubuntu16.10          | Ubuntu 16.10                                       | 16.10    | http://ubuntu.com/ubuntu/16.10
ubuntu17.04          | Ubuntu 17.04                                       | 17.04    | http://ubuntu.com/ubuntu/17.04
ubuntu17.10          | Ubuntu 17.10                                       | 17.10    | http://ubuntu.com/ubuntu/17.10
ubuntu4.10           | Ubuntu 4.10                                        | 4.10     | http://ubuntu.com/ubuntu/4.10
ubuntu5.04           | Ubuntu 5.04                                        | 5.04     | http://ubuntu.com/ubuntu/5.04
ubuntu5.10           | Ubuntu 5.10                                        | 5.10     | http://ubuntu.com/ubuntu/5.10
ubuntu6.06           | Ubuntu 6.06 LTS                                    | 6.06     | http://ubuntu.com/ubuntu/6.06
ubuntu6.10           | Ubuntu 6.10                                        | 6.10     | http://ubuntu.com/ubuntu/6.10
ubuntu7.04           | Ubuntu 7.04                                        | 7.04     | http://ubuntu.com/ubuntu/7.04
ubuntu7.10           | Ubuntu 7.10                                        | 7.10     | http://ubuntu.com/ubuntu/7.10
ubuntu8.04           | Ubuntu 8.04 LTS                                    | 8.04     | http://ubuntu.com/ubuntu/8.04
ubuntu8.10           | Ubuntu 8.10                                        | 8.10     | http://ubuntu.com/ubuntu/8.10
ubuntu9.04           | Ubuntu 9.04                                        | 9.04     | http://ubuntu.com/ubuntu/9.04
ubuntu9.10           | Ubuntu 9.10                                        | 9.10     | http://ubuntu.com/ubuntu/9.10
win1.0               | Microsoft Windows 1.0                              | 1.0      | http://microsoft.com/win/1.0
win10                | Microsoft Windows 10                               | 10.0     | http://microsoft.com/win/10
win2.0               | Microsoft Windows 2.0                              | 2.0      | http://microsoft.com/win/2.0
win2.1               | Microsoft Windows 2.1                              | 2.1      | http://microsoft.com/win/2.1
win2k                | Microsoft Windows 2000                             | 5.0      | http://microsoft.com/win/2k
win2k12              | Microsoft Windows Server 2012                      | 6.3      | http://microsoft.com/win/2k12
win2k12r2            | Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2                   | 6.3      | http://microsoft.com/win/2k12r2
win2k3               | Microsoft Windows Server 2003                      | 5.2      | http://microsoft.com/win/2k3
win2k3r2             | Microsoft Windows Server 2003 R2                   | 5.2      | http://microsoft.com/win/2k3r2
win2k8               | Microsoft Windows Server 2008                      | 6.0      | http://microsoft.com/win/2k8
win2k8r2             | Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2                   | 6.1      | http://microsoft.com/win/2k8r2
win3.1               | Microsoft Windows 3.1                              | 3.1      | http://microsoft.com/win/3.1
win7                 | Microsoft Windows 7                                | 6.1      | http://microsoft.com/win/7
win8                 | Microsoft Windows 8                                | 6.2      | http://microsoft.com/win/8
win8.1               | Microsoft Windows 8.1                              | 6.3      | http://microsoft.com/win/8.1
win95                | Microsoft Windows 95                               | 4.0      | http://microsoft.com/win/95
win98                | Microsoft Windows 98                               | 4.1      | http://microsoft.com/win/98
winme                | Microsoft Windows Millennium Edition               | 4.9      | http://microsoft.com/win/me
winnt3.1             | Microsoft Windows NT Server 3.1                    | 3.1      | http://microsoft.com/winnt/3.1
winnt3.5             | Microsoft Windows NT Server 3.5                    | 3.5      | http://microsoft.com/winnt/3.5
winnt3.51            | Microsoft Windows NT Server 3.51                   | 3.51     | http://microsoft.com/winnt/3.51
winnt4.0             | Microsoft Windows NT Server 4.0                    | 4.0      | http://microsoft.com/winnt/4.0
winvista             | Microsoft Windows Vista                            | 6.0      | http://microsoft.com/win/vista
winxp                | Microsoft Windows XP                               | 5.1      | http://microsoft.com/win/xp

9. Start / Stop listed KVM Virtual Machine

root@jeremiah:~# virsh list –all
Id    Name                           State
—————————————————-
3     fedora-28                      running
–     debian9                        shut off

To start debian9 linux virtual machine that is currently off

root@jeremiah:~# virsh start fedora-28
Domain fedora-28 started

root@jeremiah:/home/hipo# virsh start debian9
error: Failed to start domain debian9
error: Requested operation is not valid: network 'default' is not active

root@jeremiah:/home/hipo# virsh net-list –all
Name                 State      Autostart     Persistent
———————————————————-
br0                  active     yes           yes
default              inactive   no            yes

root@jeremiah:/home/hipo# virsh net-start default
Network default started

root@jeremiah:/home/hipo# virsh start debian9
Domain debian9 started

10. Attach to running VM with virsh or virt-manager

root@jeremiah:~# virsh list
Id    Name                           State
—————————————————-
1     fedora-28                      running
3     debian9                        running

root@jeremiah:~# virsh connect debian9

Note that to make the login prompt appear you have to press enter once after the ^] connection string appears

kvm-connect-to-virtual-machine-with-virsh-command-screenshot-howto

An alternative way is to use virt-manager GUI KVM desktop management interface and click over the Virtual Machine Guest name, in same fashion like in VirtualBox.

virtual-manager-virt-manager-screenshot-with-Virtual-Machines-inside-on-Debian-Linux

virt-manager-gui-interface-connect-to-fedora-28-virtual-machine

If you have KVM running on your Linux desktop PC / notebook you can also connect via VNC with virsh command.

root@jericho:~# virsh vncdisplay centos7

Another handy thing is to expose the Virtualized Guest OS with VNC in order to be able to connect and manage installation or further Linux configuration via VNC using an SSH Tunnel with port forwarding:

$ ssh hipo@www.pc-freak.net -L 5901:127.0.0.1:5901

11. Start / Shutdown / Suspend / Reboot (safe reboot) a VM guest machine domain

root@jericho:~# virsh shutdown debian9
root@jericho:~# virsh start fedora-28
root@jericho:~# virsh suspend debian9
root@jericho:~# virsh reboot fedora-28

12. Remove / Delete KVM Virtual Machines domain

root@jeremiah:~# virsh undefine fedora-28
root@jeremiah:~# virsh destroy fedora-28

Closing words

Using KVM to experiment with different OS distributions is really fun just like you can easily run a number of the major most popular Linux Distributions and a set of different versions. It takes few minutes to have a fully functional Linux to play with and it saves a lot of hassles when dealing with GNU / Linux and FreeBSD, doing so in Virtualbox for me prooved to be much more complicated (not to mention that often Virtualbox had an ugly bugs so even Importing an Appliance as a Guest VM with an official distro OS-es failed with weird errors.
One other very practical use of Kerkel-based Virtualization is if you want to run your servers using own Micro-Services architecture (e.g. run multiple Linux OS-es each running a separate Apache / Nginx / MySQL / PostGreSQL / Backup / Storage) etc. all of it running on a single dedicated server or a self-hosted bare-metal
There are plenty of Web Interfaces for Management KVM (proprietary and free software) that could even futher simplify the use and deploy / destory of KVM VMs.
All that makes possible running your own Linux or Web hosting provider a relatively easy task and seriously could cut business expenses and operational (maintenance) costs.

If you plan to run youw own hosting company, I can help you establish your infrastructure and advise you on the right technologies to use.

Tags: access, administrator, after, ALL, ALLOW, Alt, alternative, amp, and, another, Below, cmd, com, Debian Squeeze, freebsd, How to, howto, Installing, kvm, kvm install os, org, os-query, packages, root root, timezone, virsh, virt-builder, virt-install, virt-manager, Virtual Machine Hypervisor
Posted in Linux, Various, Virtual Machines | 1 Comment »

Debian Linux: dump and migrate identical packages with (dpkg) from server 1 to server 2 /A common sysadmin dpkg package dump mistake

Wednesday, October 17th, 2012

Debian dump and migrate dpkg common mistake, copy migrating deb identical packages between Linux hosts

Over the last years it happened multiple times to me to migrate identical Debian installation (with identical services) hosts, running identical Debian version and identical installed packages and configs in order to move Old (hardware) servers to newer (harware) hosts. I will call for simplicity first system from which migrating “copy from host” and second “copy to host”. Moving exact number of installed packages between “copy host” and “copy to host” systems can probably be done in many ways but I personally prefer using a single method – using dpkg to dump all deb packages list on the system in a file; move this file to “copy to host” and there use a tiny for loop bash (cycle) + dpkg to install all listed packages. Last time I’ve done this is just 2 days ago while I was “Resurrecting” Pc-Freak machine using my l337 h4x0r zk!1lZ and same good old well tested logic 🙂

I used following to dump all packages;

# dpkg -l | awk '{ print $2 }' >> /root/packages_list.txt

This though dumps all deb packages, along with all current installed ones dumps also, package names of debs, which used to some point in time be existent on the system – removed and the belonging package configs were kept on the system (in other words a tiny part of the package left installed on the system, just in case if one needs to install and use package some time in lets say short future).

This keeping of package name configs and skele files in Debian is called in “dpkg language”
(rc – Remove Candidate). While doing operations dpkg package manager marks different packages with different flags, so rc flags are set once the package is apt-get remove-d or dpkg -r packagename is done over a pack.

For unfamiliar with Debian’s dpkg, package system flags, check out man dpkg. Just to give example of rc, here are few packages marked as RC (Remove Candidates):

# dpkg -l |grep -i ^rc|head -n 3 rc acidrip 0.14-0.3 ripping and encoding DVD tool using mplayer and mencoder rc airsnort 0.2.7e-2 WLAN sniffer rc airstrike 0.99+1.0pre6a-4 2d dogfight game in the tradition of 'Biplanes' and 'BIP'

The reason, why this package are still “remembered” by dpkg is they were not purged after install- i.e. (dpkg –purge whatever-packagename) was not issued over ’em.

With this said in mind, it is common mistake I make while making a dump of all packages to also dump inside list names of packages mared as RC, e.g.:

# dpkg -l | awk '{ print $2 }' >> /root/packages_list.txt

Later I install often install every packages inside /root/packages_list.txt as for exmp., pointed out in my previous article Debian Linux Squeeze 32 bit i386 to amd64 hell just to later find out I have numerous (daemons), on the old “copy from host” but are installed and ran by dpkg (config scripts) on the 2nd “copy to host ….

Thus to prevent this I recommend people, always think well before doing something (something I often miss).

Thus it is much better to dump only packages obtaining, the ii (dpkg flags).
Here is example of few packages which have ii dpkg package flags:

# dpkg -l | grep -i '^ii' | tail -n 3 ii zip 3.0-3 Archiver for .zip files ii zlib1g 1:1.2.3.4.dfsg-3 compression library - runtime ii zlib1g-dev 1:1.2.3.4.dfsg-3 compression library - development

Probably other people just like me, did same mistake as me to dump all ever available package names on the system and later ended up in same situation, where have to remove packages and stop services from running on system boot …

Thus the “correct” way to dump only installed and configured ones debs having the II system flags is by:

# dpkg -l | grep -i '^ii' | awk '{ print $2 }' >> /root/only_installed_deb_packages_list.txt

Then the rest of package copy from “copy from host” machine 1 to “copy to host” 2-nd machine is to be done by uploading /root/only_installed_deb_packages_list.txt to 2nd host with ftp, sftp, scp whatever transfer proto and running on copy to host:

for i in $(cat /root/only_installed_deb_packages_list.txt); do apt-get install --reinstall $i; done .

Generally this will make programs on copy host, be on copy to host.
Enjoy 🙂

Tags: Debian, identical, Linux, migrate, packages, server
Posted in Linux, System Administration | 2 Comments »

How to do (all) install packages binary upgrade FreeBSD 7.2 to FreeBSD 9.0 RELEASE

Wednesday, October 3rd, 2012

In last article I’ve writen how FreeBSD version to version upgrade can be done using, as it is (mostly) mandatory to complete a packages binary upgrade right after the kernel and world update, in this article I will explain how to do BSD binary package upgrade.

Once the BSD boots with a new after succesful:

# freebsd-update upgrade -r 9.0-RELEASE && freebsd-update install

1. Upgrade FreeBSD port tree structure (skele) with latest BSD available,br />
It is necessery either to rebuild all installed packages on System or do a binary upgrade, this is because some of the installed packages might already be linked to older versions of FreeBSD 7.2 [in my case] – (or whatever older version) world you have.

1. Update BSD port tree skele to the latest published on FreeBSD download servers

It is generally wise idea to upgrade your BSD port structure immediately after BSD world and kernel upgrade.
For convenience you can use following ports-supfile (configured to fetch latest FreeBSD) ports directory structure:

Download it in /etc and run csup:

freebsd# cd /etc/ freebsd# wget -q https://www.pc-freak.net/files/ports-supfile freebsd# csup -g -L 2 /etc/ports-supfile Parsing supfile "/etc/ports-supfile" Connecting to cvsup4.de.freebsd.org Connected to 212.12.50.227 Server software version: SNAP_16_1h MD5 authentication started MD5 authentication successful Negotiating file attribute support Exchanging collection information Establishing multiplexed-mode data connection Running Updating collection ports-all/cvs Edit ports/UPDATING .... ....

The port structure upgrade takes me on my Pentium 1.8 Ghz with 1GB ramwith a 20 Mbit connectivity to the internet about 15 minutes; It could vary depending on PC hardware and Internet connectivity as well as to when for a last time the port tree was upgraded (how much new data csup has to fetch to hdd).

2. Re-build ports Index file /usr/ports/INDEX*

Onwards the ports index file needs to be rebuild;

freebsd# make index Generating INDEX-9 - please wait.. ....

Here my make index failed with an error:

*** Error code 1 1 error ******************************************************************** Before reporting this error, verify that you are running a supported version of FreeBSD (see http://www.FreeBSD.org/ports/) and that you have a complete and up-to-date ports collection. (INDEX builds are not supported with partial or out-of-date ports collections -- in particular, if you are using cvsup, you must cvsup the "ports-all" collection, and have no "refuse" files.) If that is the case, then report the failure to ports@FreeBSD.org together with relevant details of your ports configuration (including FreeBSD version, your architecture, your environment, and your /etc/make.conf settings, especially compiler flags and WITH/WITHOUT settings). Note: the latest pre-generated version of INDEX may be fetched automatically with "make fetchindex". ******************************************************************** *** Error code 1

Cause this error, I had to update the index with portsnap (get already pre-generated one by another person).

portsnap has other advantages too – it doesn’t take so long time as well as load CPU less than manually building it; even better it takes shorter time to complete. This is why for (ports index updates) on productive servers it might be (probably) better to use portsnap:

freebsd# make fetchindex /usr/ports/INDEX-9.bz2 100% of 1622 kB 203 kBps freebsd# ls -al INDEX-* -rw-r--r-- 1 root wheel 24216397 Mar 14 2011 INDEX-7 -rw-r--r-- 1 root wheel 36006912 Feb 8 2010 INDEX-7.db -rw-r--r-- 1 root wheel 26526196 Oct 2 14:45 INDEX-9 freebsd# rm -f INDEX-7 INDEX-7.db

3. Do a binary package upgrade of every packages present on previous FreeBSD 7.2 install with portupgrade

It is generally also a good idea to create a dump of all system installed packages with pkg_info, before doing anything else:

freebsd# pkg_info -qoa | sort > /root/packagelist

Since my system is quite, slow I cannot afford to recompile all from BSD ports, thus I used the “old fashioned” portupgrade to complete the binary upgrade:

For “conservative” BSD users it might be better to use portupgrade, to do upgrade all installed packages with it run:

freebsd# rm /var/db/pkg/pkgdb.db && pkgdb -Ffuv && portupgrade -afpRr -m BATCH=yes ....

I got during above portupgrade errors like:

Stale dependency: brasero-2.26.0_1 --> hal-0.5.11_23 -- manually run 'pkgdb -F' to fix, or specify -O to force.

In order to solve this errors, I had to exec:

freebsd# pkgdb -Fa

Then after each time fixing the pkgdb database run:

freebsd# pkgdb -Ffuv && portupgrade -afpRr -m BATCH=yes

Besides portupgrade, the upgrade can be done using other metdhology;

a) Using a few lines shell of bash scripting loop and pkg_info and pkg_add

b) Using pkgng

4. Binary all package upgrade using pkg_info, pkg_delete, pkg_add with a while shell loop

An alternative FreeBSD installed packages upgrade to latest is with standard BSD tools combined with few lines of shell of bash while loop.

This whole update approach is thoroughfully explained in this BSD forum thread .

The update method pointed by the forum can be done by issuing (preferrably in bash shell root console):

root # pkg_info -qoa > /root/packagelist root # pkg_delete -a -f root # rm -r -f /boot/modules /usr/local /var/db/pkg root # while read PKG; do pkg_add -r $( basename ${PKG} ); done < /root/packagelist

The problem with this update approach is if some packages names are changed, some packages might not be able to be found by and (respectively) will fail to fetch and install with pkg_add -r. Thus I personally don’t recommend using this .update method as it is unsafe.

5. Completing packages BSD binary upgrade with pkgng (PKG Next Generation) tool

Install pkgng from respective port, e.g.:

freebsd# cd cd /usr/ports/ports-mgmt/pkg .... .... /usr/local/man/man8/pkg-remove.8.gz -> /usr/local/man/man8/pkg-delete.8.gz /usr/local/man/man8/pkg-static.8.gz -> /usr/local/man/man8/pkg.8.gz ===> pkg-static (install) install -o root -g wheel -m 555 pkg-static /usr/local/sbin If you are upgrading from the old package format, first run: # pkg2ng ===> Running ldconfig /sbin/ldconfig -m /usr/local/lib ===> Registering installation for pkg-1.0.1 ===> Cleaning for pkg-1.0.1 freebsd# make install clean ....

Right after installing you can use it and upgrade packs:

freebsd# cp -rpf /usr/local/etc/pkg.conf.sample /usr/local/etc/pkg.conf freebsd# pkg update Updating repository catalogue repo.txz 100% 13MB 771.3KB/s 1.3MB/s 00:17 freebsd# pkg upgrade -fy ... freebsd# pkg-static update .... freebsd# pkg-static upgrade -fy

,,, ,,,,

P.S. I tried the pkgng for my first time, for some weird reason I was unable to upgrade my packages with it on 1 host, though literally followed update instructions on Full binary upgrade with pkgng 1.0-beta7 – Bapt tutorial . If someone knows of a better tutorial how update can be done using pkgng drop me a comment or point me to a tutorial.
The overall all packages update experience for me wasn’t so nice as it took me too much of time to upgrade. I like BSD stability but when it comes to updates its a time eater …

Tags: binary, freebsd, Install, packages, upgrade
Posted in FreeBSD, System Administration | 1 Comment »

How to install binary packages on older FreeBSD releases / Install binary packages on FreeBSD 7.2

Saturday, September 29th, 2012

If you’re in a situation like, me where you run some old verison of FreeBSD and you need to install a bunch of packages let’s say GNOME Desktop environment on a host which before was used as a network router / mail server and general firewall. You will probably be surprised the usual way to install a pre-compiled BSD binaries with pkg_add -vr packagename will no longer work, i.e.:

freebsd# pkg_add -vr gnome2 Error: FTP Unable to get ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-7.2-release/Latest/gnome2.tbz: File unavailable (e.g., file not found, no access) pkg_add: unable to fetch 'ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-7.2-release/Latest/gnome2.tbz' by URL pkg_add: 1 package addition(s) failed

The reason why binary package fetch and install no longer work is obvious the repository link ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/i386/packages-7.2-release/Latest/ which was previously working no longer works.

So to install be able to install this already obsolete compiled packages what is neccessery is to explicitly change the FTP location, where the packages will be looked for with a location to a working link corresponding to your FreeBSD version. To make sure the link is working in accordance with your FreeBSD release do a search in Google and get the proper FTP link. My BSD version is RELEASE 7_2, hence after a quick look in Google, I found a binary repository containing packages for my FreeBSd under link:

ftp://ftp-archive.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD-Archive/ports/i386/packages-7.2-release/Latest

To change the default set binary .tgz packages repository to the newer correct one for the currently logged in user via tty or over ssh use the csh / bash PACKAGESITE variable.
Whether in csh type:

freebsd# setenv PACKAGESITE ftp://ftp-archive.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD-Archive/ports/i386/packages-7.2-release/Latest/

Either if you use Bourne Again (bash) shell type;

[root@freebsd ~]# export PACKAGESITE="ftp://ftp-archive.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD-Archive/ports/i386/packages-7.2-release/Latest/" [root@freebsd ~]#

Just as a matter of fact it is useful to say pkg_add command uses FreeBSD (Linux wget like) fetch to download the pre-compiled binaries. In other words the PACKAGESITE var is understood by fetch command, whether it is looking for some shell exported vars 🙂
To make the new PACKAGESITE setting permanent in csh include it in /root/.cshrc:

echo 'setenv PACKAGESITE ftp://ftp-archive.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD-Archive/ports/i386/packages-7.2-release/Latest/' >> /root/.cshrc

If your root user is set to use bash add it to /root/.bashrc

echo 'export PACKAGESITE="ftp://ftp-archive.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD-Archive/ports/i386/packages-7.2-release/Latest/"' >> /root/.bashrc

That’s all now you will now be able to install pre-compiled packages via pkg_add 🙂 Enjoy!

Tags: binary, freebsd, Install, older, packages, releases
Posted in FreeBSD | No Comments »

An absolutely must have installed packages to have a complete Ubuntu / Debian Desktop

Saturday, September 19th, 2009

Every time after installing a plain new Debian or Ubuntu system, I feel ridiculous cause of the fact. That many of the programs I do use in my daily work with my pc ainâ€™t there ready to use. In that manner of thoughts itâ€™s really really irritating for me to try to memorize the whole list of programs I usually use not to mention that I hardly could remember the exact name of the packages containing the programs. Moreover itâ€™s really irritating to type a hundred times
apt-cache search programname;
apt-get install programtoinstall;
.To make my daily life and hopefully my blog readers life easier Iâ€™ve decided to make a list of all the packages to install:
here is the one liner command required to install the whole heap of packages
$ apt-get install flashplugin-nonfree gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly libxine1-ffmpeg vlc mozilla-plugin-vlc mplayer wifi-radar extremetuxracer powermanga supertux chromium kbedic transmission openoffice.org deluge alltray xine-ui dodgindiamond2 zblast-x11 blobwars briquolo kamefu blender inkscape gftp xchat k3b gnochm tecnoballz audacious audacity rezound opencubicplayer virtualbox gnomad2 kino grip xawtv cheese mozilla-helix-player abiword bgoffice-computer-terms sun-java-fonts sun-java6-jdk sun-java6-plugin sun-java6-source sun-java6-jre sun-java6-demo dia gajim mc dpkg-dev amsn elinks lynx iptraf sniffit ettercap wireshark bluefish thunderbird screenlets verse bible-kjv dict-easton gnomesword sword-text-kjv realplayer pidgin ncurses-dev cbedic awn-manager centerim-utf8 apachetop alsa-oss oss-compat iftop
For your convenience Iâ€™ve also prepared a small shell script Iâ€™ve called desktop-bundle.sh download desktop-bundle.sh here
Just in case if youâ€™re wondering what exactly is the above package bundle installation good for.
Here is a few explanatory notes next to it:

mozilla-plugin-vlc â€“ Allows mozilla to play in embeded player various video files

gftp â€“ Gnomeâ€™s FTP client

xchat â€“ IRC Gnome Chat program

cheese â€“ A program to make pictures and suchalike

k3b â€“ kdeâ€™s cd burner

kino – video editor

sun-java6-jdk, sun-java6-jre, sun-java6-plugin â€“ allows you to run properly java applications on your Linux system both from the command line and in browser

screenlets â€“ explained in my previous post here

wifi-radar â€“ a gnome wifi detection and connection tool

cbedic â€“ a bulgarian / english console dictionary I heavily use

dia â€“ Diagram drawing software (handy to draw your for instance network diagrams)

kbedic â€“ kde Bulgarian / English dictionary. To make it work properly youâ€™ll need also the bedic data files, which could be downloaded here

verse, bible-kjv, gnomesword â€“ This and the rest bible related packages are a nice packages I use to daily read and research the bible, since Iâ€™m an Orthodox Christian

vlc â€“ Nowdays Iâ€™m changing in using vlc to watch videos since mplayer is getting more and more old fashioned and itâ€™s behaviour is a bit disappointing sometimes

gnomechm â€“ An app to read Microsoftâ€™s CHM help file

grip â€“ Program to RIP audio files

opencubicplayer â€“ the good old Cubic Player we all enjoyed in MS-DOS and Novell DOS to play various XM, S3M, MOD, IT etc. files, itâ€™s really nice that this version supports MP3 file format

audacity â€“ An application to record sounds, supports songs sound reverse, for example you can use it to listen your mp3 files backwards, letâ€™s say to check if a song contains a satanic message or not 🙂

dosbox â€“ dos emulator to run old school dos games I love this one

inkscape â€“ 2D vector design software

blender â€“ 3D design software

gajim â€“ might need that one in case if you intend to use Jabber

pidgin â€“ the program I use as an ICQ, MSN client

transmission, deluge â€“ nice bittorrent softwares

kompozer, bluefish â€“ editors similar more or less to the famous dreamweaver. kompozer is more advanced and is much closer to dreamweaver

virtualbox â€“ The Sunâ€™s Virtual Machine substitute for VMWare, works okay maybe 20 or 30% slower than VMWare

rezound â€“ again a nice sound editor, like audacity

xine â€“ video player, most people who remember the times before few years should know it

amsn â€“ MSN chat client

avant-window-navigator â€“ A MacOS X like panel for the GNOME Desktop. Features a taskbar behaving similar to Mac OSXâ€™s dock.
There is one drawback it doesnâ€™t support the dock to be positioned anywhere except on the bottom of the screen
chromium, supertux, powermanga etc. â€“ this and many of the rest are nice games I love to play every now and then when I get completely pissed off

Well thatâ€™s all for now. Hope this post would be interesting to somebody out there.

ENDâ€”â€“

Tags: absolutely, complete, Debian, installed, packages, Ubuntu
Posted in Linux and FreeBSD Desktop | No Comments »

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Posts Tagged ‘packages’

How to do (all) install packages binary upgrade FreeBSD 7.2 to FreeBSD 9.0 RELEASE

How to install binary packages on older FreeBSD releases / Install binary packages on FreeBSD 7.2

An absolutely must have installed packages to have a complete Ubuntu / Debian Desktop

Daily Bible quote

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